Breaking open a closed system

Nature 436, 884-885 (August 2005) | doi:10.1038/nj7052-884a

In March 2005, neuroscientist Ishwar Parhar had coffee with the king of Malaysia at a Tokyo hotel. "He asked me why I don't come back to Malaysia," Parhar remembers. A desire to do more research than the infrastructure would allow had driven him away years before, and he had had no indication that the government was serious about plans to strengthen science. Months later, officials from Malaysia's science and health ministries negotiated to let Parhar, currently at Nippon Medical School in Tokyo, build a new brain-science research institute in the capital, Kuala Lumpur. "The meeting with the king was good," he says. "I think it got the ministries to talk to me."

But not everyone can meet the king, ...

http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050811/full/nj7052-884a.html

Discovery of Melaka Virus led by Dr. Chua Kaw Bing

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (2007), vol 104, p11424-11429

Milton Friedman's Pencil Theory

"Nobody knows how to make a pencil. There's not a single person in the world who actually knows how to make a pencil.

"In order to make a pencil, you have to get wood for the barrel. In order to get wood, you have to have logging. You have to have somebody who can manufacture saws. No single person knows how to do all that.

"What's called lead isn't lead. It's graphite. It comes from some mines in South America. In order to make pencils, you'd have to be able to get the lead.

"The rubber at the tip isn't really rubber, but it used to be. It comes from Malaysia, although the rubber tree is not native to Malaysia. It was imported into Malaysia by some English botanists.

"So, in order to make a pencil, you would have to be able to do all of these things. There are probably thousands of people who have cooperated together to make this pencil. Somehow or other, the people in South America who dug out the graphite cooperated with the people in Malaysia who tapped the rubber trees, cooperated with, maybe, people in Oregon who cut down the trees.

"These thousands of people don't know one another. They speak different languages. They come from different religions. They might hate one another if they met. What is it that enabled them to cooperate together?

"The answer is the existence of a market.

"The simple answer is the people in South America were led to dig out the graphite because somebody was willing to pay them. They didn't have to know who was paying them; they didn't have to know what it was going to be used for. All they had to know was somebody was going to pay them.

"What brought all these people together was an enormously complex structure of prices - the price of graphite, the price of lumber, the price of rubber, the wages paid to the laborer, and so on. It's a marvelous example of how you can get a complex structure of cooperation and coordination which no individual planned.

"There was nobody who sat in a central office and sent an order out to Malaysia: 'Produce more rubber.' It was the market that coordinated all of this without anybody having to know all of the people involved."